{"id":39039,"date":"2026-08-26T16:53:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-26T14:53:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/?p=39039"},"modified":"2026-09-17T19:20:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T17:20:13","slug":"lafrique-de-lest-face-aux-mutations-du-commerce-mondial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/lafrique-de-lest-face-aux-mutations-du-commerce-mondial\/","title":{"rendered":"East Africa and Reshaping Global Trade: Agricultural Exports Still Driven by Cash Crops"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-cover-trade-east-africa-1920x1080-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39152\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-cover-trade-east-africa-1920x1080-1.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-cover-trade-east-africa-1920x1080-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-cover-trade-east-africa-1920x1080-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-cover-trade-east-africa-1920x1080-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-cover-trade-east-africa-1920x1080-1-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/image-cover-trade-east-africa-1920x1080-1-1500x844.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left has-black-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-314515401cfec851e91ddc075682fb9e\"><strong>East Africa is entering a pivotal decade for agricultural trade.  The region\u2019s extra-African agricultural exports increased by 39% between 2014 and 2024, and yet remains focused on unprocessed or minimally processed cash crops and primary commodities.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This pattern unfolds as the external trade environment is being reshaped: the temporary renewal of the US AGOA preferential scheme has extended US preferences only to the end of 2026; China has broadened duty-free market access to African countries; and the European Union Deforestation Regulation is introducing new traceability and due-diligence requirements. This analysis shows how these shifts are reshaping export destinations, value chains and policy options across East Africa, where progress in domestic value addition remains uneven and limited.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This publication is part of a series by the FARM Foundation on African agricultural trade.  It consists in a continent-wide overview and a 2025 analysis of North Africa and reviews East Africa\u2019s agricultural trade with markets outside the continent.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The scope covers 19 countries: Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Uganda, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe.  As with the North Africa analysis, the data comes from CEPII's BACI database (2025) and covers agricultural exports to the rest of the world, excluding intra-African trade, this time comparing 2014 to 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-1&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-1-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleKeyDown\" id=\"accordion-item-1\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\"><a>Exports up 39% in a decade, with three quarters aimed at food<\/a><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div inert aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-1\" data-wp-bind--inert=\"!state.isOpen\" id=\"accordion-item-1-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Between 2014 and 2024, East African countries' agricultural exports to the rest of the world (excluding Africa) rose from USD 13.4 billion to nearly USD 18.7 billion, a 39% increase.  This growth is nevertheless far slower than what is recorded in North Africa (+139% between 2012 and 2023) and largely masks contrasted national trajectories.  While Uganda multiplied its exports by 2.4 and Djibouti almost tripled them, exports declined in Malawi, Somalia, Mauritius, Comoros and Seychelles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The composition of exports by end use also sets East Africa apart from its northern neighbours. While more than 85% of North African agricultural exports are edible products, food products accounted for only 73% of East African exports in 2024, an increase from 68% ten years earlier.  This gap reflects a group of countries specialising in tobacco, a non-food product.  Three particularly stand out: non-food products accounted for 89% of Zimbabwe's exports in 2024, 82% of Zambia's and 71% of Malawi's.  In contrast, almost all agricultural exports from Somalia, Djibouti, Burundi and Uganda are food products.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Chart 1<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39047\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-2000x1147.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-768x441.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-1536x881.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-2048x1175.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-1500x861.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><strong>Processed products: East Africa is still failing to move up the value chain<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Limited domestic processing is one of the region\u2019s principal structural constraints.  Tunisia exports nearly three quarters of its agricultural products in processed form and Egypt almost half; East Africa remains overwhelmingly focused on unprocessed or minimally processed products.  In 2024, 14 of the region's 19 countries had a 10% share or less of processed products.  This includes all the major exporters, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan and Zimbabwe.  This limited upgrading within value chains has also been accompanied by a decline in the share of processed exports over the decade.  Even Mauritius, long supported by packaged sugar, saw its share fall from 85% to 59%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Only a few smaller exporters buck this trend: Seychelles (88% processed products in 2024, thanks to by-products from the fish industry), Madagascar (20%, driven by essential oils and preparations) and Comoros (23%).\nThis stagnation reflects a structural reality.  Much of the added value generated by the region's major value chains - coffee roasting, cashew shelling and primary tobacco processing - continues to be captured outside the continent, depriving East African economies of an essential lever for diversification and resilience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Chart 2<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39049\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-2000x1147.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-768x441.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-1536x881.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-2048x1175.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-1500x861.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-2&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleKeyDown\" id=\"accordion-item-2\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\"><a>Coffee, tea and spices: cash-crop value chains at the heart of East African exports<\/a><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div inert aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-2\" data-wp-bind--inert=\"!state.isOpen\" id=\"accordion-item-2-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>East Africa's agricultural exports to the rest of the world revolve around a small number of major cash-crop value chains.  Their evolution between 2014 and 2024 points to a profound reshaping of regional supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Coffee, tea, mat\u00e9 and spices: +86% in ten years<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">At USD 5.3 billion in 2024, compared to USD 2.8 billion in 2014, coffee, tea, mat\u00e9 and spices accounted for 29% of the region's agricultural exports, an increase of 86% over the decade.  Three products underpin this growth:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>coffee (63%)<\/strong>, a cornerstone of export earnings from Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>tea (25%)<\/strong>, dominated by Kenya and Rwanda, as well as Malawi;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\"><strong>spices, led by vanilla (6%)<\/strong> and cloves (5%) from Madagascar and Comoros.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The surge in world coffee prices has strongly contributed to this increase in export value, enabling both Ethiopia and Uganda to release record export earnings.  Arabica reached its highest levels in almost three decades, while robusta climbed to record highs.  But this upswing remains fragile: a return of global surpluses could quickly bring prices back down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This price volatility is compounded by regulatory constraints.  The European Union (EU) Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), due to apply to large and medium-sized companies by the end of 2026, will require geolocation-based traceability of coffee and cocoa plots to preserve access to the European market.  The main challenge is not necessarily the region\u2019s aggregate deforestation footprint, but its capacity to demonstrate compliance at plot level.  The regulation applies by commodity rather than by country and requires operators to demonstrate due diligence across all sourcing origins, irrespective of their forest cover.  East African coffee-exporting countries nevertheless fall into two risk categories, \u201cstandard\u201d and \u201clow\u201d. Burundi, Kenya and Rwanda are among the countries classified as low risk under the May 2025 implementing regulation, while Ethiopia and Uganda remain in the standard-risk category. This distinction does not change whether products are subject to the EUDR, but it does affect the level of due diligence required. Operators sourcing exclusively from low-risk countries may benefit from simplified due diligence, whereas those sourcing from standard-risk countries are subject to more comprehensive due diligence requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The challenge lies less in production itself than in the organisation of value chains.  Geolocating millions of small plots and tracing aggregated lots through fragmented collection chains is expensive.  This creates a dual risk: volumes that cannot be demonstrated to be compliant may be diverted towards less demanding markets, while European buyers may switch to origins that are easier to trace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Tobacco and manufactured tobacco substitutes (14% of exports in 2024): +18%<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">At USD 2.6 billion in 2024, compared to USD 2.17 billion in 2014, tobacco is East Africa's second-largest agricultural export category.  It shapes exports across the region's southern belt: Zimbabwe (USD 1.28 billion), Malawi (USD 425 million), Tanzania (USD  390 million), Zambia (USD 231 million) and Mozambique (USD 206 million).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These economies are exposed to a double vulnerability due to their specialisation: the long-term decline in global tobacco consumption and dependence on a narrow group of buyers, led by China.  Yet in several countries tobacco remains one of the few agricultural products generating substantial export earnings, slowing the transition towards more sustainable or higher-value crops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"texte-image pictogrammes texte jaune\">\n\n            <div class=\"ligne\">\n                        <h2>Tobacco, East Africa's overlooked driver of deforestation<\/h2>        <\/div>\n    \n    <div class=\"bloc-main container\">  \n\n                <div class=\"contenu\">            \n            <div class=\"colonne\">\n                <p class=\"translation-block\">While the deforestation debate focuses on coffee and cocoa, which are covered by the EUDR, tobacco is in fact one of the region's main export-related drivers of deforestation.  Its cultivation involves clearing fertile land, and more importantly flue-curing, a process that can require substantial quantities of fuelwood.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This wood is drawn in particular from miombo woodlands, an ecosystem spanning 2.7 million km\u00b2 from southern Tanzania to Zimbabwe and supporting more than 100 million rural people.  According to the World Health Organization, the wood required to cure tobacco may account for 12% of total deforestation in Southern Africa.  At the global level, tobacco cultivation is responsible for about 5% of global deforestation. A study in south-western Tanzania estimates that tobacco production clears more than 4,000 hectares of intact miombo each year, more than half of it because of the curing process alone.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">However, tobacco is not among the seven commodities covered by the EUDR: cattle, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, rubber, soy and wood.  Tobacco value chains in Zimbabwe, Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia therefore face no EU requirement for forest traceability, while small coffee growers in the Great Lakes region, whose forest footprint is not remotely comparable, must geolocate their plots.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This rarely highlighted regulatory asymmetry raises questions, from an East African perspective, about the environmental consistency of the European framework.<\/p>\n            <\/div>           \n        <\/div>\n        \n        \n    <\/div>\n        \n<\/section>\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Oilseeds and industrial crops (11% of exports in 2024): +19%<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Worth more than USD 2 billion in 2024, this category mainly consists in two products: sesame (USD 1.2 billion) and groundnuts (USD 408 million).  Regional sesame supply is relatively balanced, with Sudan accounting for 29%, Tanzania 22%, Mozambique 22% and Ethiopia 20%.  Groundnuts are far more concentrated, with Sudan accounting for more than 80% of regional shipments.  In both cases, export markets are almost exclusively in Asia and the Middle East.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Vegetables, roots and tubers (9% of exports in 2024): +66%<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The region's fourth-largest export category, worth USD 1.75 billion in 2024, is in fact almost entirely made up of dried pulses.  Dried leguminous vegetables - particularly pigeon peas - dominate by a wide margin (USD 987 million), followed by chickpeas (USD 156 million), common beans (USD 145 million) and mung beans (USD 127 million).  Tanzania (USD 436 million) and Mozambique (USD 394 million) account for most of the supply, ahead of Kenya, Sudan and Ethiopia.  Most of these flows head to the Indian subcontinent, where East African pulses help fill a structural shortfall in domestic production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Edible fruit (8% of exports in 2024): almost tripled<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This is the most spectacular increase of the decade: from USD 656 million in 2014 to USD 1.5 billion in 2024.  Two products account for most of the growth.  Cashew nuts represent 47% of the category and come mainly from Tanzania (82%) and Mozambique (18%); most are exported as raw cashew nuts to India and Vietnam for shelling and subsequent processing.     Avocados account for 30%, with Kenya dominating production and supplying 73% of regional shipments. A number of smaller value chains follow way behind, including Zimbabwean citrus fruits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Cut flowers, livestock and cocoa: growing value chains<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Live plants and floriculture products increased by 32% over ten years to USD 1.4 billion, driven by the horticultural sectors of Kenya (USD 952 million) and Ethiopia (USD 321 million), largely serving Europe through the Netherlands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Live animals rose by 23% to USD 1.35 billion, driven mainly by trade in live sheep (USD 1.1 billion) shipped from Sudan (USD 734 million), Somalia (USD 390 million) and Djibouti (USD 90 million) to the Arabian Peninsula.  A further USD 223 million comes from other live animals, mainly captive-bred primates from Mauritius, a highly specific sector.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Cocoa has also risen remarkably.  Still marginal in 2014 at USD 124 million, it reached USD 613 million in 2024, driven mainly by Uganda amid exceptionally high world prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Sugar and cotton: two declining value chains<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Moving in the opposite direction, sugar and sugar confectionery exports collapsed from USD 921 million to USD 225 million (-76%).  The end of European sugar regimes hit Mauritius, Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe particularly hard: volumes sold to the EU fell by 60% in the first marketing year after quotas were abolished.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Cotton exports fell from USD 393 million to USD 172 million (-56%).  The decline is concentrated in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique and Malawi, where producers gradually shifted away from cotton towards tobacco, sesame and pulses, which offered more attractive markets and prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Chart 3<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39050\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39051\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure3-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;autoclose&quot;: false, &quot;accordionItems&quot;: [] }\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/accordion\" role=\"group\" class=\"wp-block-accordion is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-is-layout-flow\">\n<div data-wp-class--is-open=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-context=\"{ &quot;id&quot;: &quot;accordion-item-3&quot;, &quot;openByDefault&quot;: false }\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.initAccordionItems\" data-wp-on-window--hashchange=\"callbacks.hashChange\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-item is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-item-is-layout-flow\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading\"><button aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"accordion-item-3-panel\" data-wp-bind--aria-expanded=\"state.isOpen\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.toggle\" data-wp-on--keydown=\"actions.handleKeyDown\" id=\"accordion-item-3\" type=\"button\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle\"><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-title\"><a>Key export markets: an Asian and Gulf orientation, with Europe for high-value value chains<\/a><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-accordion-heading__toggle-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">+<\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div inert aria-labelledby=\"accordion-item-3\" data-wp-bind--inert=\"!state.isOpen\" id=\"accordion-item-3-panel\" role=\"region\" class=\"wp-block-accordion-panel is-layout-flow wp-block-accordion-panel-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>A trade geography dominated by Asia and the Gulf<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Whereas North Africa sends nearly half of its agricultural exports to Europe, East Africa has a more diversified trade geography, albeit with a clear Asian predominance.  In 2024, China (USD 2.43 billion), India (USD 2.22 billion) and Saudi Arabia (USD 1.81 billion) were the three leading importing countries, ahead of the Netherlands (USD 1.25 billion) and Germany (USD 1.1 billion).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">India recorded the most remarkable growth, with imports increasing 2.3-fold over the decade on the back of demand for cashew nuts, pulses, sesame and cloves.  Pakistan (USD  817 million, mainly Kenyan tea) and Vietnam (USD 529 million) further illustrate this Asian orientation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Europe and the United States, strategic markets for specialised value chains<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Despite the weight of Asian markets, Europe remains essential for high-value sectors: cut flowers to the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, coffee to Germany and Italy, and vanilla to France.  The United States also grew significantly, from USD 585 million in 2014 to USD 967 million in 2024, driven by Ethiopian and Kenyan coffee, Madagascan vanilla and niche products. Yet  this access remains dependent on AGOA, which expired in September 2025 before being reactivated in February 2026 for one year, with no visibility beyond December 31st, 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The opening of the Chinese market, an unprecedented preferential advantage<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">East Africa's Asian orientation could intensify further as the Chinese market opens progressively.  Since December 2024, China has granted zero-tariff treatment on all tariff lines to least developed countries (LDCs), a status held by 15 out of the region's 19 countries.  This first step already provided East African exporters with very broad preferential access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">In June 2025, China announced that it would extend the scheme to all African countries with diplomatic relations with China, a measure that took effect on May 1st, 2026.  This second wave added four non-LDCs to the beneficiaries in the area covered by this study: Kenya, Zimbabwe, Mauritius and Seychelles.  In other words, every country mentioned in this paper now benefits from China's zero-tariff regime, making China East Africa's broadest and most inclusive preferential market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This scheme greatly differs from US and European preferences, which are also non-reciprocal but limited to certain products or countries.  China's regime covers all tariff lines for almost the entire continent, a broader product and country coverage than AGOA and the EU\u2019s preferential trade arrangements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For East African value chains already oriented towards China - sesame, tobacco and pulses - as well as those seeking to gain a foothold there - Kenyan avocados and Burundian coffee - China's opening contrasts sharply with uncertainty in the United States.  Its impact will nevertheless depend on the supply capacity of the affected countries and on meeting Chinese sanitary requirements, which remain the main barrier to entry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Chart 4<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39052\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-2000x1147.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-768x441.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-1536x881.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-2048x1175.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure4-1500x861.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>A strong specialisation in primary products across export markets<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The composition of exports confirms the region's specialisation in primary products.  Out of the top twenty destinations, almost all of them import more than 90% primary products, with the exceptions of France (24% processed products) and Spain (28%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The food share of exports, in contrast, varies considerably across destinations.  It is almost exclusive in the Indian subcontinent and the Gulf.  Food products account for 93% of Pakistan's imports, dominated by tea; 94% in India, mainly pulses and sesame; and 95% in Saudi Arabia, consisting largely in sheep and goats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The pattern is very different in China and the Netherlands, where non-food products account for 40% and 63% of imports respectively.  China mainly absorbs tobacco, hides and cotton, while the Netherlands primarily imports cut flowers, reflecting its role as a re-export hub.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Chart 5<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-scaled.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39053\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-scaled.png 2560w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-300x172.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-2000x1147.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-768x441.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-1536x881.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-2048x1175.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-18x10.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure5-1500x861.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-white-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-white-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\r\n<section class=\"faqs\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n    <div class=\"\"><h2 class=\"tache\">Major exporters: seven countries, seven specialisations<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"accordion\">\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Kenya: tea, flowers and avocados in a diversified export model<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Three export pillars<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As the region's leading agricultural exporter, Kenya has the most diversified profile among the major East African exporters, both in its product mix and in the geographic diversification of its markets.  Its model rests on three complementary pillars.  Tea, for which Kenya is the world's leading exporter, remains the backbone of extra-African sales.  Horticulture, led by cut flowers, is the second pillar, with a long-established presence in European markets.  Fruit is the third and most recent, with the value of avocado exports increasing 4.5-fold over the decade.  The 2014 and 2024 figures show this combination of mature and emerging sectors, which explains the 57% increase in Kenyan exports over the period.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 6<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39054\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39055\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure6-kenya-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Export markets spread across Europe, South Asia and the Gulf<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kenya's export destinations are distributed across Europe, South Asia and the Gulf, a pattern clearly visible in the 2014 and 2024 figures.  The Netherlands remains the leading destination, confirming its role as a European hub for cut flowers.  Pakistan, driven by tea, is now the second-largest market, ahead of the United Kingdom, which is also fully involved in horticultural value chains.  The rising importance of the Gulf is equally visible, with the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia taking a growing share of Kenyan exports.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The central role of European markets makes the stability of Kenya's trade framework with the European Union a major issue, particularly for horticultural value chains whose competitiveness depends on preferential access.  Since 2008, Kenyan products had entered the EU duty-free under a transitional arrangement pending ratification of an Economic Partnership Agreement, since Kenya - unlike its neighbours in the East African Community \u2013 cannot pretend to the Everything But Arms scheme dedicated to least developed countries.  The Economic Partnership Agreement that entered into force in July 2024 was intended precisely to end this period of uncertainty, but its implementation has been suspended since November 2025 following a ruling by the East African Court of Justice, which Nairobi has appealed from<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">At the same time, the extension of China's zero-tariff regime to Kenya from May 1st, 2026 opens a new avenue for export diversification.  China was still a modest market in 2024, but it could become a new source of growth for Kenyan avocados - the first duty-free consignments have already reached Chinese shelves - as well as for tea and horticultural products.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 7<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39056\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39057\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure7-kenya-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Tanzania: the shift towards cashew nuts and the Indian market<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>An export basket reshaped around cashew nuts<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Tanzania's agricultural exports earnings increased by 53% over the past decade, but above all their composition changed.  Tobacco, oilseeds and coffee still dominated in 2014; since then, the export basket has greatly shifted towards edible fruit, driven by raw cashew nuts, now the country's leading export value chain.  Vegetables and pulses have also gained prominence, while tobacco, coffee and tea, and oilseeds still account for a significant part.  Cocoa is also beginning to emerge as an export sector.  The 2014 and 2024 figures show a shift from a model focused on a few traditional products towards one dominated by cashews and unprocessed agricultural commodities.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 8<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39059\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39058\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure8-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>India and Vietnam: two major shelling hubs<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This shift is directly reflected in the geography of exports.  India, already leading market in 2014, has strengthened its position and now absorbs most Tanzanian cashew exports as well as pulses such as pigeon peas.  Vietnam, almost absent ten years earlier, has become a major destination: as one of the world's leading shelling centres, it also imports large volumes of raw cashews.  China completes the trio, mainly with sesame.  However, this integration is almost entirely based on raw products, with the share of processed exports falling from 14% to 5% over ten years.  Tanzania therefore remains at the upstream end of global cashew and sesame value chains, while most of the value added from shelling, roasting or packaging is captured elsewhere.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 9<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39062\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39061\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure9-united-rep-of-tanzania-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Ethiopia: coffee as an increasingly dominant driver of export growth<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Coffee rising, sesame declining<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Ethiopia's agricultural exports value increased by only 21% over ten years, the lowest growth rate among the region's major exporters.  This overall figure in fact combines two opposing trends.  Coffee exports nearly doubled and now account for 59% of the total, supported by record volumes and exceptional prices.  Oilseeds, in contrast, collapsed, as sesame was hit by shrinking cultivated areas and insecurity in northern production zones.  Live plants and floriculture products, meanwhile, have strongly expanded.  Ethiopia's export basket is now more concentrated than it was ten years ago<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 10<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39064\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39065\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure10-ethiopia-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>From sesame to China to coffee for the Gulf and Europe<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The figures show a clear reshaping of Ethiopia's export markets.  In 2014, China was the leading destination, driven by sesame.  By 2024, Saudi Arabia had moved into first place on the back of the rise in coffee exports.  China remains a major market, but its purchases no longer rely on sesame alone, with coffee now accounting for a comparable share.  The United States and Germany confirm their role as key markets, almost entirely focused on coffee, while the Netherlands remains the main European gateway for cut flowers.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This redistribution has a direct consequence: coffee now concentrates a large share of Ethiopia\u2019s export-related risks and opportunities.  Yet the country faces two constraints.  Its exclusion from AGOA since January 2022 because of the conflict in Tigray limits preferential access to the US market, while implementation of the EUDR will impose strict traceability requirements if Ethiopia is to preserve access to the European market, collectively the leading destination for its coffee.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 11<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39066\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39067\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure11-ethiopia-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Sudan: sesame, livestock and gum arabic - resilient exports despite the war<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Oilseeds, sheep and gum arabic<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Remarkably, Sudan's agricultural exports value increased by 45% despite the conflict that has devastated the country since April 2023.  Live sheep remain the country's leading export product.  Oilseeds, however, are the main driver of growth, rising by 119%.  This increase owes less to sesame, up 16%, than to groundnuts, which were almost non-existent in 2014 but reached USD 341 million ten years later.  Pigeon peas are the most dynamic export product of the decade, with sales increasing more than thirteenfold.  Gums and resins also rose by 61%, led by gum arabic, of which Sudan is a major global supplier.  Sugar, frozen sheep carcasses and cotton, in contrast, have almost completely disappeared.  The figures therefore show an export basket that has narrowed around oilseeds, livestock, gums and pulses.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 12<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39069\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39068\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure12-sudan-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Three dominant markets and a European outlet for gum arabic<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Exports are concentrated in three markets, two of which have grown spectacularly.  Saudi Arabia is far ahead, almost exclusively for live sheep, although its growth remains moderate at 39%.  China's imports, mainly sesame, have increased almost fourfold, while India's, driven by pigeon peas and melon seeds, have risen more than sevenfold.  This little-known sector deserves attention.  Sudan is the world's second-largest producer of melon and watermelon seeds after Nigeria, while India is one of the world's leading importers of this product, popular in confectionery and snacks, and absorbs almost all Sudanese exports.  France remains the leading European market, as a major importer of raw gum and an important centre for its refining.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This apparent resilience should not obscure the fragility of collection and export networks, which have been extensively reorganised by the conflict.  In a report published in July 2026, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights describes a 'war economy' in which gum arabic - Sudan accounted for 70-80% of world exports before the conflict - finances the belligerents through looting, taxation and smuggling routes via neighbouring countries.  The report calls on companies in the sector to exercise greater vigilance over supply-chain traceability.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 13<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39084\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39083\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure13-sudan-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Uganda: Coffee-led export growth and the emergence of cocoa<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Coffee triples as cocoa emerges<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">With exports up 140% over the past decade, Uganda has recorded the strongest growth among the region\u2019s major exporters, driven primarily by robusta coffee.  Coffee exports tripled, making the country Africa's leading exporter by value in recent years amid soaring robusta prices.  Cocoa is the decade's second standout sector, with exports increasing more than sixfold to become the country's second-largest agricultural export category.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 14<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39086\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39087\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure14-uganda-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Europe for coffee, Asia for cocoa<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Coffee also dominates the geography of Uganda's export markets, with the top three destinations all in Europe.  Italy ranks first, with imports increasing fourfold and consisting almost entirely in coffee, ahead of Germany, which grew by 152%.  The Netherlands follows, with a more moderate 70% increase and a different composition in which cocoa ranks first, ahead of coffee and floriculture.  Coffee is also opening new markets in Asia: purchases by Malaysia increased more than sixfold and those by India almost fourfold.  The authorities are targeting production of 20 million bags by 2030.  Uganda supplies the European Union with almost as much coffee as the rest of Africa combined.  Maintaining  this trajectory will therefore depend on the sector's ability to comply with the EUDR.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 15<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39088\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39089\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure15-uganda-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Zimbabwe: dependence on tobacco and China<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Increasing concentration in tobacco<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Zimbabwe's agricultural exports value increased by 52% over ten years, but became more concentrated.  Tobacco exports nearly doubled and accounted for 84% of export value in 2024, compared with two thirds in 2014.  Edible fruit is the main source of diversification and increased by 153%, but from such a low base that it still weighs little in total.  Sugar, meanwhile, collapsed by 91%.  The figures therefore depict growth driven by an already long-standing specialisation rather than by a broadening of the export basket.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 16<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39090\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39091\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure16-zimbabwe-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>China for tobacco, Europe for fruit<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Export markets reflect the weight of tobacco.  China's imports doubled and it now absorbs almost half of the total, making dependence on a single dominant market a structural vulnerability.  Indonesia, whose imports rose more than threefold, and Germany follow well behind, also for tobacco.  Fruit shows the opposite pattern: its markets are concentrated in the European Union, led by the Netherlands ahead of Germany, France and Spain, while China receives only a marginal share.  Duty-free access to the Chinese market, which Zimbabwe has enjoyed since May 1st, 2026 under the extension of the zero-tariff regime to non-LDCs, could nevertheless boost fruit exports.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 17<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39093\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39092\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure17-zimbabwe-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Mozambique: pulses, sesame and cashew nuts bound for Asia<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Pigeon peas and sesame place tobacco and sugar as leading export value chains<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mozambique's exports value increased by 32% over ten years, accompanied by a reshaping of the export basket.  The two sectors that dominated in 2014 have lost their positions: sugar was hardest hit, falling by 74%, while tobacco proved more resilient (-24%).  Three value chains have taken over, two of them expanding spectacularly.  Pigeon pea exports increased more than fourfold to become the country's leading category.  Cashew nuts followed a similar path, while oilseeds complete the picture with a 150% increase, mainly driven by sesame.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 18<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39095\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39094\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure18-mozambique-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Three Asian markets account for two thirds of exports<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This shift has taken place without overturning the hierarchy of destinations, but with a sharp increase in concentration.  India and China already occupied the top two positions in 2014, and their imports have grown much faster than the country's overall exports.  India's purchases increased almost fivefold and China's more than doubled.  India has thus become the leading market, mainly for pigeon peas supplemented by unshelled cashew nuts, while China sources almost exclusively sesame.  Vietnam completes the trio with cashews and groundnuts, with imports increasing almost sixfold.  These three markets now absorb nearly two thirds of Mozambique's agricultural exports, compared to just over one fifth ten years earlier for India and China combined.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 19<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39096\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39097\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure19-mozambique-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n            <\/section>\r\n\r\n\n\n\r\n<section class=\"faqs\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n    <div class=\"\"><h2 class=\"tache\">Madagascar, Malawi, Somalia, Mauritius and Zambia: mid-sized exporters on diverging paths<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"accordion\">\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Madagascar: vanilla, cloves and essential oils<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Vanilla and cloves drive a decade of growth<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Madagascar's exports earnings increased by 50% over ten years, with spices accounting for more than half.  Vanilla remains the country's leading agricultural export, but its 49% growth rate is the slowest of the island's four major value chains.  Cloves increased by 75%, essential oils by 114% and cocoa by 148%.  The island therefore remains dependent on a small number of spices and perfumery products whose prices are notoriously volatile, leaving export earnings highly exposed.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 20<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39100\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39101\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure20-madagascar-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Vanilla across the Atlantic, cloves towards Asia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Each value chain has its own markets, which the figures clearly show.  Vanilla is exported mainly to France, the country's largest market, which grew by 69%, and to the United States (+39%).  Cloves, in contrast, follow an increasingly important Asian route.   India, whose imports almost tripled, ranks second and acts as a trading hub, re-exporting some cloves to the Gulf, Bangladesh and Pakistan.  Indonesia is the decade's other striking development.  This market expanded tenfold for cloves and essential oils, even though Indonesia itself is the world's leading clove producer.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 21<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39103\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39102\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure21-madagascar-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Malawi: the decline of a tobacco economy<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Tobacco declines with no replacement sector<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Running counter to the regional trend, Malawi's agricultural exports fell by 29% over ten years.  Tobacco, which still accounts for more than two thirds of the total, declined by 30%, without any emerging replacement value chain.  Pulses stagnated, tea fell by 13% and sugar by 82%.  Malawi illustrates the cost of a long-standing specialisation when the product on which it depends contracts.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 22<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39105\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39104\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Europe for tobacco, India for pulses<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The pattern of export destinations is best understood on a product-by-product basis.  Tobacco goes primarily to Europe, with Germany consolidating its position as the leading buyer and Turkey, Poland and Belgium gaining weight.  China and Russia, the country's second- and third-largest markets ten years ago, have meanwhile cut purchases by more than 85% and disappeared from the top of the ranking.  China's withdrawal reflects a mismatch between value chains: Chinese cigarettes rely on Virginia tobacco, in which Zimbabwe has specialised, whereas Malawi produces burley tobacco.  The investment memorandum concluded with Beijing also expired in 2018 and was not renewed.  Pigeon peas draw a different map: India is the only major destination to record growth, up 56%, making it Malawi's leading partner and the almost exclusive market for this value chain.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 23<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39106\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure23-malawi-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39107\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure22-malawi-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Somalia: live animals to Saudi Arabia<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p>Somalia's agricultural exports fell by 26% over ten years and remain overwhelmingly dominated by live animals, with sheep ahead of camels.  The decline stems first from a 21% contraction in animal exports, but also from a 66% fall in sesame exports.  The figures show an export basket that did not diversify over the period: in 2024 Somalia exported the same products as in 2014, but in smaller quantities.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 24<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39108\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39109\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure24-somalia-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Somalia\u2019s export-market structure is just as concentrated as its export basket.  Saudi Arabia alone absorbs 80% of the total, and its imports actually increased by 25% even as Somalia's overall exports fell by a quarter.  Demand is strongly shaped by the pilgrimage to Mecca, which accounts for 70% of annual exports.  This double concentration - in one product and one market - leaves the country exposed to repeated shocks.  Livestock exports peaked in the middle of the decade before declining under the combined effects of recurrent droughts, insecurity and Saudi sanitary restrictions.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 25<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39111\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39110\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure25-somalia-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Mauritius: the erosion of the sugar export economy and the unexpected rise of captive-bred primates<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p>Mauritius's agricultural exports fell by 20% over ten years, a direct consequence of the erosion of sugar, whose export value declined by 54%.  Italy illustrates this reversal: it was the leading market in 2014, but its imports fell by 85%.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">This decline illustrates the impact of withdrawing a trade preference on a sector.  For four decades, the Sugar Protocol concluded in 1975 between Europe and the ACP countries guaranteed Mauritius - the scheme's main beneficiary - an outlet for around 490,000 tonnes a year at a price two to three times the world market price.  The termination of the Protocol in 2007, followed by the abolition of European production quotas in October 2017, brought European prices closer to world prices, to the point that Europe became a net sugar exporter to Africa as early as the following marketing year.  Without this protected market, Mauritius's sugar industry, which is not competitive enough to rival Brazil or European beet sugar, gradually contracted.  Mauritius nevertheless retains the highest share of processed products among the region's main exporting countries, at about 59%.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 26<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39113\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39112\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure26-mauritius-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The only growing sector is live animals, whose exports rose by 314% over the decade.  These are mainly captive-bred primates for biomedical research, a field in which Mauritius has become one of the world's leading suppliers and which is contested by animal-welfare organisations.  The United States has become the country's leading market, with imports increasing more than sixfold.  In a decade, the geography of Mauritian exports has thus shifted from Europe's sugar market towards North America.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 27<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39115\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39114\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure27-mauritius-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Zambia: tobacco at the heart of agricultural exports<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p>Zambia's agricultural exports changed little over the past ten years (-6%).  This apparent stability nevertheless conceals a strong concentration of the export basket: tobacco grew by 34% and its share of the total rose from 53% to 75%.  The two other leading sectors in 2014 collapsed, with cotton losing 95% of its export value and sugar becoming marginal.  Tobacco growth therefore merely offset these losses, whereas in neighbouring Zimbabwe it drove overall exports higher.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 28<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39116\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39117\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure28-zambia-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Zambia has a similar profile to neighbouring Zimbabwe, with a strong specialisation in tobacco.  Its markets are more evenly shared, however: China absorbs around one third of exports and Switzerland around 20%, whereas Zimbabwe depends on China for almost half of its exports.  Switzerland\u2019s prominent position, however, appears to partly reflect its role as an international trading hub, where several major trading houses are based. Some transactions may therefore be contracted there without the tobacco physically passing through the country. Mirror trade statistics support this interpretation, as Switzerland, the second-largest destination in Zambia\u2019s export data, does not rank among the main countries reporting tobacco imports from Zambia, unlike China and several European countries. Its weight in the trade data therefore reflects its role in commodity trading more than the physical destination of the goods.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 29<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39118\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39119\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure29-zambia-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n            <\/section>\r\n\r\n\n\n\r\n<section class=\"faqs\">\r\n\r\n<div class=\"container\">\r\n    <div class=\"\"><h2 class=\"tache\">Smaller exporters: coffee and tea, cloves and gum arabic<\/h2><\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"accordion\">\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Rwanda and Burundi: the Great Lakes coffee and tea value chains<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p class=\"translation-block\">Rwanda's exports value increased by 95% over ten years, with coffee and tea accounting for 81% of the total.  Markets differ by product: the United Kingdom and Pakistan for tea, and the United States for coffee.  The authorities have made high-value speciality coffee a key pillar of the country's export strategy, targeting the British and US markets<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 30<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39121\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39120\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure30-rwanda-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 31<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39122\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39123\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure31-rwanda-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Burundi follows the opposite trajectory, with exports falling by 19% over that period.  Its export basket is even more concentrated, with coffee and tea alone accounting for 97% of agricultural exports.  Markets are nevertheless dispersed across Finland, China and Belgium, none of which dominates.  Burundi also illustrates the prospects opened by access to the Chinese market, which it has enjoyed as an LDC since December 2024.  A first consignment of Burundian arabica coffee was shipped directly to China following the opening.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 32<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39125\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39124\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure32-burundi-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 33<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39126\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39127\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure33-burundi-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Djibouti: sheep and camels in transit to the Arabian Peninsula<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p><strong><em>Sheep and camels in transit<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Djibouti's exports earnings increased by 180% over ten years, the second-strongest rise in the region after Uganda.  Live animals, whose exports increased 3.5-fold, account for most of this growth, with sheep far ahead of camels and other camelids.  This increase, however, does not reflect the development of domestic production.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 34<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39128\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39129\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure34-djibouti-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Saudi Arabia absorbs 80% of the total, with imports increasing almost fourfold over ten years.  These flows owe less to Djibouti's own livestock sector than to the country's role as a transit hub, with re-exports accounting for about 92% of shipped goods.   Ethiopian livestock transits through Djibouti on its way to the Arabian Peninsula, supported by dedicated infrastructure developed by the two countries.  Since 2021, the Port of Doraleh has operated a livestock terminal jointly developed with Ethiopia, with capacity for 2.5 million head a year.  An Ethiopian quarantine station accredited by the Saudi and Emirati authorities further facilitates direct animal exports.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 35<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39130\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39131\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure35-djibouti-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Comoros: declining clove exports<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p class=\"translation-block\">Comoros' exports fell by 39% over ten years, with two value chains accounting for almost the entire total.  The value of spice exports, consisting mainly in cloves and vanilla, fell by 48%.  Unlike Madagascar, where vanilla clearly dominates, the archipelago relies above all on cloves, which account for two thirds of its exports.  Although Comoros is the world's leading producer of ylang-ylang essential oil for perfumery, the value of these exports remained virtually unchanged between 2014 and 2024.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 36<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39133\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39132\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure36-comoros-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Markets are divided between both products.  India, driven by cloves, remains the leading destination and the only one to record a slight growth, while France, driven by essential oils, moves into the second place despite a 12% fall in imports.  The sharpest declines are in Germany, where vanilla imports fell by 71%, and the United Arab Emirates, where clove purchases have almost entirely disappeared from the top 20 destinations.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 37<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39134\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39135\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure37-comoros-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Seychelles: fishmeal and fish-processing by-products<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p>Seychelles' agricultural exports fell by 47% over the decade.  Food-industry residues are the leading category, particularly meals derived from fish processing, followed by fish fats and oils, and then beverages and vinegar.  This composition is the reason why Seychelles has the highest share of processed products in the region, at 88%.  The figure reflects less a move up the value chain than the industrial nature of the country's exports, which consist mainly in by-products rather than agricultural raw materials.<\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">The decline over the decade is mostly due to tobacco exports, which have almost disappeared.  These were not locally produced tobacco leaves but manufactured cigarettes, with shipments greatly fluctuating from one year to another depending on regional re-export contracts.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 38<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39137\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39254\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2400\" height=\"1600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure38-seychelles-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Markets are highly fragmented, very small in scale and divided by product.  Fishmeal and fish-processing by-products are exported to Australia, the leading market, as well as to Turkey, Bangladesh and Japan, all major markets for animal feed and aquaculture.  Fats and oils go to Iceland and Germany, while Hong Kong receives live reptiles and fruit.  The Philippines, the leading destination in 2014, has disappeared from the ranking; that market corresponded exactly to the cigarette exports above mentioned.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 39<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39138\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39139\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure39-seychelles-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <div class=\"accordion__item\">\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"accordion__title\">\r\n                    <div class=\"accordion__arrow\"><span class=\"accordion__arrow-item\">+<\/span><\/div> \r\n                    <h3>Eritrea and South Sudan: micro-flows of gum arabic<\/h3>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"faq_contenu accordion__content\">\r\n                    <p>Agricultural exports from Eritrea and South Sudan remain marginal, but they recorded the strongest relative increases in the region: Eritrea's exports quadrupled and South Sudan's increased almost ninefold.  In both countries they rely almost exclusively on gum arabic, which accounted for 80% of Eritrea's agricultural exports and 97% of South Sudan's in 2024.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 40<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39141\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39140\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure40-eritrea-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 41<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39142\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39143\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure41-south-sudan-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>The destinations of both countries' exports changed completely over ten years and converged towards Europe.  In Eritrea, Saudi Arabia dominated in 2014, but France had replaced it by 2024 and now absorbs 81% of the total.  South Sudan followed the same path: Pakistan, Austria and Poland disappeared from the ranking, while France moved into the first place with more than half of exports.  Both countries have thus rejoined the trade routes of Sudanese gum arabic, for which France is the world's leading importer.<\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 42<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39145\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39144\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure42-eritrea-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>Chart 43<\/em><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39147\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2014-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-39146\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024.png 2400w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024-2000x1333.png 2000w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024-2048x1365.png 2048w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/figure43-south-sudan-2024-1500x1000.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/><\/p>\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n            \r\n            <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n            <\/section>\r\n\r\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a>Conclusion<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To sum up, East Africa presents the mirror image of North Africa. <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Whereas North Africa exports partly processed fruit, vegetables and oils to Europe, East Africa sends predominantly unprocessed or minimally processed cash crops and primary commodities to Asia and the Gulf - from coffee and live livestock to tea, tobacco, sesame, cashew nuts and pulses.  Europe, for its part, remains the preferred market for high-value value chains such as flowers, coffee and vanilla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This diversity of export markets is an asset in a context of trade tensions.  Yet the region enters this period of restructuring with two major disadvantages.  The first is the virtual absence - and in most countries even the decline - of local processing, which deprives East African economies of most of the added value generated by their own value chains.  The second is the changing market-access conditions, from uncertainty over the future of AGOA beyond 2026 to the traceability requirements of the EU Deforestation Regulation, due to apply by the end of 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As we already noted for North Africa, these developments matter all the more at a time when access to the US market has become more uncertain and politically contingent while China's is opening.  With zero tariffs now extended to almost the entire continent, East Africa - already the African region most deeply integrated into Asian markets - has gained unprecedented access to the world's second-largest consumer market.  At the same time, elevated coffee and cocoa prices create a potentially time-bound opportunity to finance domestic value addition and value-chain upgrading.  The challenge is to take that opportunity before prices turn down again.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-64b26803 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/fondation-farm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/logo-linkedin-siteinternet.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33653\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/fondation-farm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Follow us on LinkedIn<\/a><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity wp-container-content-16d1eb73\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-f56a869c wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/fondationfarm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\" noreferrer noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"75\" height=\"75\" src=\"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/logo-facebook-siteinternet.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-33656\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/fondationfarm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">And Facebook!<\/a><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>East Africa is entering a pivotal decade for agricultural trade.  The region\u2019s extra-African agricultural exports increased by 39% between 2014 and 2024, and yet remains focused on unprocessed or minimally processed cash crops and primary commodities.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":11329,"featured_media":39155,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[81,99,89],"thematique":[28],"annee":[181],"class_list":["post-39039","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politiques-publiques","tag-agriculture","tag-economie","tag-financement","thematique-filieres-des-producteurs-aux-marches","annee-181"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39039","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11329"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39039"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39039\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":39342,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39039\/revisions\/39342"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/39155"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39039"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39039"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39039"},{"taxonomy":"thematique","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/thematique?post=39039"},{"taxonomy":"annee","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fondation-farm.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/annee?post=39039"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}